Linux file system
Standard directory structure
/ the topmost
/dev all the devices are accessible as files
/var “variable” data such as mails, log files, databases
/usr almost all the packages installed
/etc configuration files
/home home directories for all the users
/root home directory of the privileged user root
/mnt used to mount other directories/partitions.
Metacharacters These are special characters that are recognised by the shell.
●
* matches 0 or more characters.
eg: ls *.c
●
? matches any single character
eg: ls ab?.c
●
[] This will match any single character in the range.
eg: ls tut[09].m
This will find files such as tut0.m, tut9.m etc.,
●
> Redirect standard output to a file.
echo “hello world” > hello.txt
>> Appends standard output to a file.
eg: echo “Hello Again” >> hello.txt
●
< Takes standard input from a file
●
| This is pipe character. Sends the output of first command as input for the
second command.
mkdir – make directory
usage: mkdir <dirname>
eg: mkdir p path/test/test1
p > no error if existing, make parent directories as needed
●
cd change directories
Use cd to change directories. Type cd followed by the name of a directory to
access that directory.
●
mv change the name of a directory
Type mv followed by the current name of a directory and the new name of
the directory.
Ex: mv testdir newnamedir
/ the topmost
/dev all the devices are accessible as files
/var “variable” data such as mails, log files, databases
/usr almost all the packages installed
/etc configuration files
/home home directories for all the users
/root home directory of the privileged user root
/mnt used to mount other directories/partitions.
Metacharacters These are special characters that are recognised by the shell.
●
* matches 0 or more characters.
eg: ls *.c
●
? matches any single character
eg: ls ab?.c
●
[] This will match any single character in the range.
eg: ls tut[09].m
This will find files such as tut0.m, tut9.m etc.,
●
> Redirect standard output to a file.
echo “hello world” > hello.txt
>> Appends standard output to a file.
eg: echo “Hello Again” >> hello.txt
●
< Takes standard input from a file
●
| This is pipe character. Sends the output of first command as input for the
second command.
mkdir – make directory
usage: mkdir <dirname>
eg: mkdir p path/test/test1
p > no error if existing, make parent directories as needed
●
cd change directories
Use cd to change directories. Type cd followed by the name of a directory to
access that directory.
●
mv change the name of a directory
Type mv followed by the current name of a directory and the new name of
the directory.
Ex: mv testdir newnamedir
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